The Italian Navy has unveiled a structured roadmap to integrate uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) across its surface fleet, marking a decisive step toward transforming maritime operations. Speaking at the SAE Maritime Reconnaissance and Surveillance Technology conference in London in late January, Commander Mauro Ghezzi, Naval Units Interface Section Leader in the Studies and New Programmes Office of the Naval Aviation Department, described the potential impact as a “potential paradigm shift.” He emphasized, “We can change and reshape the landscape of maritime security.”
Highlighting the growing role of drones, Cdr Ghezzi stated, “In the ever-evolving modern maritime domain, drones have emerged as a vital capability. In some cases, they are changing the way we think about and conduct naval operations.” He pointed to both the opportunities and risks of these systems. On the positive side, UAS platforms can enhance threat detection and enable rapid, flexible responses in dynamic environments. On the other, adversaries are already exploiting such technology, as seen in the Red Sea shipping crisis, where Yemen-based Ansar Allah (Houthi) forces have deployed UAS and uncrewed surface vessels against commercial and naval targets.
The Navy’s plan is divided into three phases. Phase One is already underway, centered on deploying Boeing Insitu ScanEagle fixed-wing UAS aboard the FREMM frigate flotilla. The first operational flight took place in November 2023 from ITS Carlo Bergamini. ScanEagle, launched via catapult and recovered by a hooking mechanism, offers line-of-sight ISR coverage up to 50 miles with endurance of 17 hours. It is currently operated through an embarked ground control station, with future plans to integrate that station into the ships’ combat management systems (CMS). The Navy intends to equip at least half its frigates with ScanEagle and may extend the capability to destroyers.
Phase One also includes the development of a rotary-wing UAS capability. Early steps involve procuring Leonardo AWHero tactical RUAS platforms and associated control systems designed for CMS integration. Sea trials are scheduled for late 2024 or 2025. AWHero, a heavy VTOL drone, can carry payloads such as radar, electronic support measures, and communications relays, expanding the fleet’s surveillance and networking reach.
Phase Two will focus on vertical take-off and landing drones with forward-pushing propellers, enabling a shift from vertical to horizontal flight profiles while minimizing deck footprint. “We don’t have a candidate yet: we are looking for a solution,” Cdr Ghezzi noted, adding that the first system could be certified in 2025 before integration and testing. This phase will also deepen CMS and GCS integration, ensuring seamless data flow and control.
Two additional UAS classes are under consideration: a 50–100 kg platform for ISR and electro-optical missions, and a lighter system under 12 kg with up to five hours endurance. Both aim for compact shipboard storage and rapid deployment. The Navy is evaluating domestic and international options, including systems observed during the UK Royal Navy’s November 2023 trial of the General Atomics MQ-9B Mojave aboard HMS Prince of Wales. Interest in Mojave extends to airborne early warning roles, with Cdr Ghezzi noting, “This could be a very viable solution which not only would give us the capability to [conduct] the AEW mission, but we can start talking about loitering munitions, some kinetic capability.”
Phase Three, planned for the 2029–2030 timeframe, envisions purpose-built ships designed from the keel up for integrated uncrewed operations. “We will shift our centre of gravity progressively from a naval system … to a combat system,” Cdr Ghezzi explained. Future vessels would feature an uncrewed management system capable of commanding aerial, surface, and underwater assets as a unified combat element.
Throughout all phases, the Navy will address integration challenges, particularly in coordinating UAS with manned helicopter operations and ensuring real-time command, control, and data exchange. Beyond frigates and destroyers, the roadmap includes extending these capabilities to Pattugliatore Polivalente d’Altura offshore patrol vessels and aircraft carriers, embedding uncrewed systems as a core element of Italy’s maritime force structure.